A causal link between oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular and renal complications of diabetes

Abbreviations

ACE,

angiotensin-converting enzyme;

AngII,

angiotensin II;

AOPP,

advanced oxidation protein product;

ARB,

angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker;

ASMC,

aortic smooth muscle cell;

CKD,

chronic kidney disease;

EC,

endothelial cell;

EMT,

epithelial–mesenchymal transition;

eNOS,

endothelial nitric oxide synthase;

ESRD,

end-stage renal disease;

ETA,

endothelin A;

HUVEC,

human umbilical vein endothelial cell;

ICAM-1,

intercellular adhesion molecule-1;

IDL,

intermediate-density lipoprotein;

LDL,

low-density lipoprotein;

LOX-1,

low-density lipoprotein receptor-1;

MCP-1,

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1;

mtROS,

mitochondrial ROS;

NF-κB,

nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells;

NO,

nitric oxide;

NOD2,

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2;

NOX,

NADPH oxidase;

PFD,

pirfenidone;

PKC,

protein kinase C;

PTF,

pentoxifylline;

RAAS,

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system;

ROS,

reactive oxygen species;

STZ,

streptozotocin;

VCAM-1,

vascular cell adhesion molecule-1;

VLDL,

very low-density lipoprotein;

VSMC,

vascular smooth muscle cell