Abstract
Chronic renal and vascular oxidative stress in association with an enhanced inflammatory burden are determinant processes in the development and progression of diabetic complications including cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Persistent hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates mediators of inflammation as well as suppresses antioxidant defence mechanisms ultimately contributing to oxidative stress which leads to vascular and renal injury in diabetes. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that ROS, inflammation and fibrosis promote each other and are part of a vicious connection leading to development and progression of CVD and kidney disease in diabetes.
- atherosclerosis
- diabetic complications
- inflammation
- nephropathy
- Oxidative stress
Abbreviations
- ACE,
- angiotensin-converting enzyme;
- AngII,
- angiotensin II;
- AOPP,
- advanced oxidation protein product;
- ARB,
- angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker;
- ASMC,
- aortic smooth muscle cell;
- CKD,
- chronic kidney disease;
- EC,
- endothelial cell;
- EMT,
- epithelial–mesenchymal transition;
- eNOS,
- endothelial nitric oxide synthase;
- ESRD,
- end-stage renal disease;
- ETA,
- endothelin A;
- HUVEC,
- human umbilical vein endothelial cell;
- ICAM-1,
- intercellular adhesion molecule-1;
- IDL,
- intermediate-density lipoprotein;
- LDL,
- low-density lipoprotein;
- LOX-1,
- low-density lipoprotein receptor-1;
- MCP-1,
- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1;
- mtROS,
- mitochondrial ROS;
- NF-κB,
- nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells;
- NO,
- nitric oxide;
- NOD2,
- nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2;
- NOX,
- NADPH oxidase;
- PFD,
- pirfenidone;
- PKC,
- protein kinase C;
- PTF,
- pentoxifylline;
- RAAS,
- renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system;
- ROS,
- reactive oxygen species;
- STZ,
- streptozotocin;
- VCAM-1,
- vascular cell adhesion molecule-1;
- VLDL,
- very low-density lipoprotein;
- VSMC,
- vascular smooth muscle cell
- © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society